Introduction to materials science, chapter 15, polymer structures. Types of polymers for convenience, chemists classify polymers in several main groups, depending on method of synthesis. Polymers are all created by the process of polymerization wherein their constituent elements called monomers, are reacted together to form polymer chains i. Top companies, trends, growth factors details for business development the global conductive polymers market is segmented on the basis of types and applications. Introduction to materials science, chapter 15, polymers. N aturally occurring polym ers are presented in c hapters 25, 26, and 27. For further information, please contact one of our technical experts today and we will be pleased to offer advice and guidance on the most effective polymeric material for your. Amorphous polymers, on the other hand, do not have melting points. Fundamentals of polymer chemistry pdf 48p download book.
The cellulose is another natural polymer which is a main structural component of the plants. Copolymers, polymers with at least two different types of mers, can differ in the. The small buildingblock molecules are called monomers. Objectives polymers national council of educational. Polymers are composed of nonmetallic elements, found at the upper right corner of the periodic table. The process by which the polymers are formed is called polymerisation. A polymer which contains only a single type of repeat unit is known as a homopolymer, while a polymer containing two or more types of repeat units is known as a copolymer. Types of polymers polymeric materials resistant rubber.
F irst, a common method of for ming pol ymers by a radical reaction is discussed. Examples of synthetic polymers include nylon, polyethylene, polyester, teflon, and epoxy. Tw o radicals can couple to for m nonradical products. Biopolymers can be complex and nice introduction to materials science, chapter 15, polymer structures university tennessee, dept. Polymers being adaptable can be easily moulded as per requirement. Lowdensity polyethylene, highdensity polyethylene, polypropylene, polyvinyl chloride, polystyrene. Polymers polymers are the giant molecules of chemistry. Free download encyclopedic dictionary of polymers chemistry. Three types of natural polymers are polysaccharides, proteins, and nuclei acids. Different polymers have a number of unique physical and chemical properties due to which they find usage in everyday life.
Synthetic polymers are humanmade polymers derived from petroleum oil. Classification of polymers based on their structure can be of three types. Introduction to polymers, third edition by robert j. The name accurately depicts the importance of plastics since it is being used in all industries universally raza et al. Encyclopedic dictionary of polymers is edited by jan w. Or one radical can abstract a hydro gen from the carbon adjacent to the radical center of. Introduction to polymers young lovell solutions manual. A polymer is a large molecule that is made up of repeating subunits connected to each other by chemical bonds. Lowdensity polyethylene, highdensity polyethylene, polypropylene, polyvinyl chloride, polystyrene, nylon, nylon 6, nylon 6,6, teflon, thermoplastic. Some of the polymers that have achieved commercial importance and their uses are tabulated in table 1 and some of their important physical properties are listed in appendix 2. The influence of different mass distributions on mn and mw may be examined with the aid of a. Download fundamentals of polymer chemistry pdf 48p download free online book chm pdf. Why should the monomers used in addition polymerisation through free radical pathway be very pure.
Introduction to polymers young lovell solutions manual structure and morphology of bulk polymer. The reaction occurs in such a manner that a new free radical or cation or anion is. After the structures of the addition pol ymers made by this method are examined. Pdf on may 28, 2008, gary wnek and others published polymers find, read and cite all the research you. This document contains different types of polymers their methods of preparation and their effective. Most of the natural polymers are formed from the condensation polymers and this formation from the monomers, water is obtained. Linear polymers including those that are branched but not crosslinked 3. Polymer is defined as a chemical substance of a high molecular mass formed by the combination of a large number of simple molecules, called monomers. The chemical bonds in polymers are also different than those found in metals and ceramics. Since this introduction is necessarily brief, the reader desiring a more detailed discussion is referred to any of the many excellent introductory texts devoted to organic chemistry andor polymeric materials, such as references 1 through 3. Download fulltext pdf principles of polymersan advanced book. The present book was prepared to provide an introduction to the. The type of polymerization mechanism used depends on the type of functional groups attached to the reactants. On the basis of type, the global market is segmented into polyaniline, polycarbonate, inherently conductive polymers, polyphenylenebased resins and others.
Lecture notes polymer engineering materials science. Review the full course description and key learning outcomes and create an account and enrol if you want a free statement of participation. The synthetic polymers can be further classified as these made up of monomers and comonomer units. Introduction to polymer science 1 polymer science was born in the great industrial laboratories of the world of the need to make and understand new kinds of plastics, rubber, adhesives.
Some examples of the synthetic polymers are polyethylene, polystyrene, ptfe synthetic rubber, nylon, pvc, bakelite, teflon, orion, etc. Lecture notes mit opencourseware free online course materials. Since this introduction is necessarily brief, the reader desiring a more detailed discussion is referred to any of the many excellent introductory texts devoted to organic chemistry andor polymeric materials, such as references 1. More and more chemistry is being used in the preparation of ceramics of carefully controlled structure, and inorganic polymers are increasingly important precursor materials in such approaches. Smart polymers are polymers that respond to different stimuli or changes in the environment. Most monomers of this kind, including propylene, vinyl chloride, styrene, acrylonitrile. It was the pioneering scientific work of hermann staudinger in the early part of the twentieth century which led to an understanding of the polymer state at an atomic and molecular level.
This chapter considers the various classes of polymeric materials and the. Copolymers, polymers with at least two different types of mers, can differ in the way the mers are arranged. The polymers which are prepared in the laboratory are referred to as synthetic polymers or manmade polymers. While there are many different chemical types of thermoplastics, those made from. A terpolymer is a copolymer which contains three types of repeat units. This guide explains about the eight most common types of synthetic organic polymers, which are commonly found in households are. The term polymer is defined as very large molecules having high molecular mass.
On the basis of source or origin, the polymers are classified into. Examples are proteins, cellulose, starch, resins and rubber 2 semisynthetic polymers. Synthetic polymers are derived from petroleum oil, and made by scientists and engineers. Polymers and the environment, emulsion polymerization, polymer science approach to physicochemical characterization and processing of pulse seeds, polymer characterization with the atomic force microscope, nonconventional method of polymer patterning, the properties and application of carbon nanostructures, electrokinetic potential. Polymers are huge molecules that are encountered in nature as well as in our modern technology. Fundamentals of polymer chemistry scientific spectator. Polymers classification, types, uses, properties, polymerization. Trp polymer solutions offers the following types of polymers, which are specially formulated to meet your specifications regarding hardness, tensile strength, elongation at break, compression set and specific colours.
Polymers synthetic 1 thermoplastics plastics linear, some cross linking can be melted and reformed on heating a amorphous no ordered structure b semi crystalline compo sed of microscopic crystallites domains of crystalline structure. Hightemperature plasticity due to the ability of the molecules to slide past one another thermally activated or arrhenius process 4. Linear polymers these polymers consist of long and straight chains. Here is a list of materials that are natural and synthetic polymers, plus some examples of materials that are not polymers at all. The ductility of thermoplastic polymers is reduced upon cooling 5. According to this classification polymers are of two types.
I structure and properties of polymers pavel kratochvil encyclopedia of life support systems eolss of the double bond of another monomer molecule and so to attach to the other molecule giving two joined monomer units with a free radical. This reference contains more than 7,500 polymeric material terms, including the names of chemicals, processes, formulae, and analytical methods that are used. In the search for sustainable materials, natural polymers present an attractive alternative for many applications compared to their synthetic counterparts derived from petrochemicals. Linear polymers on structure in these polymers monomers are linked with each other and form a long straight chain. Polymers and the environment, emulsion polymerization, polymer science approach to physicochemical characterization and processing of pulse seeds, polymer characterization with the atomic force microscope, nonconventional method of polymer patterning, the properties and application of carbon nanostructures, electrokinetic potential and. There are three different types based on the structure of the polymers. Amphiphiles and liquid crystals introduction to polymers materials processing. A variety of synthetic polymers as plastic polythene, synthetic fibres nylon 6,6 and synthetic rubbers buna s are examples of manmade polymers extensively used in daily life as well as in industry. Natural polymers the polymers obtained from nature are called natural polymers. The unit substance or substances from which the polymer is obtained is called a monomer.
What are polymers and classification of polymers notes pdf ppt 19092014 18022017 shiva 1 comment addition polymers, chain growth polymerisation, condensation polymers, crosslinked polymers, elastomers, linear chain polymers, step growth polymerisation. Different types of polymers and their uses and different applications. Therefore, translucent to opaqueness is directly affected by the crystallinity of the polymer. Polymers are classified in a number of ways depending upon one criterion or the other as described below. Polymers made up of with different type of monomers are called. Introduction to materials science, chapter 15, polymer structures university tennessee, dept. They make up about 80% of the organic chemical industry with products produced at approximately 150 kg of polymers per person annually in the united states.
The intermediates formed are reactive and may be free radicals, carbocations or carbanions. The number of synthetic resins which can be made is vast. Natural polymers polymers chemistrysource of polymers. What are polymers and classification of polymers notes. Ppt polymers powerpoint presentation free to download. Natural polymers occur in nature and can be extracted. The two volume set, natural polymers, covers the synthesis, characterisation and applications of key natural polymeric systems including their morphology, structure, dynamics and properties. The introduction and chapters dealing with synthesis and characterization have been reorganized, revised and expanded to give a broader and more thorough coverage. Find materials for this course in the pages linked along the left. This reference contains more than 7,500 polymeric material terms, including the names of chemicals, processes, formulae, and analytical methods that are used frequently in the polymer and engineering fields. Name the polymers used in laminated sheets and give the name of monomeric units involved in its formation. A polymer is a high molecular mass compound ranging from 5000 to one million and they are formed by the combination of a large number of one or more low molecular weight compounds. Chapters in part one focus on types of polymers, including temperature, ph, photo, and enzymeresponsive polymers. Starch, polyvinyl chloride, polyethylene, nylon 6, 6 and etc.
Polymers can be considered to be for med from the bond ing of a large number of indi vidual units, called mono. Today, polymers are commonly used in thousands of products as plastics, elastomers, coatings, and adhesives. This textbook has been modified and enlarged for the new edition. Addition polymers are formed by a reaction in which monomer units simply add to one another to form a longchain generally linear or branched polymer. This lesson introduces students to polymers, their properties, and some of the many ways polymers. Chemistry notes for class 12 chapter 15 polymers the word polymer has a greek origin. Polymers usually contain many more than five monomers, and some may contain hundreds or.
Master the concepts of polymers and classification of polymers including elastomers, thermoplastic and thermosetting polymers, straight chain and cross linked polymers and natural and synthetic polymers with the help of study material for iit jee by aski. A unified approach to processing of metals, ceramics and polymers materials science of polymers for engineers natural and synthetic biomedical polymers polymers for controlled drug delivery ultraviolet light. Polymer nomenclature is generally based upon the type of monomer residues comprising the polymer. Polymers usually are prepared by two different types of polymerization. For example, starch, cellulose, natural rubber, proteins and nucleic acids etc. Only much later did polymer science come to academic life. Review the full course description and key learning outcomes and create an account and enrol if you want a free. The back bones of common synthetic polymers such as polythene, polystyrene and poly acrylates are made up of carboncarbon bonds, whereas hetero chain polymers such as polyamides, polyesters, polyurethanes, polysulfides and polycarbonates have other elements e.
Our body too is made up of many natural polymers like nucleic acids, proteins, etc. B classification based on the structure of polymers. Apart from increased sophistication in methods of measuring molecular weight, such as the cryoscopic and vapour pressure methods, almost the whole range of the spectrum has been called into service to elucidate polymer structure. Which type of biomolecules have some structural similarity with synthetic polyamides. Increased crystallinity does not change the melting point of a polymer, but it does means that more energy is needed to cause the molecules to separate, melt and flow. Synthetic polymers are a mainstay of modern life, but nature also makes polymers. Natural vs synthetic polymers gelfand center carnegie. Two types of the nanotesttubeshaped selfassemblies were prepared using different combinations of nanotubes and vesicles. Measuring the viscosity of polymer solutions and determination of the viscosity average molecular weight laboratory. Perhaps because of its origins, polymer science tends to be more inter.